From Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(ball)
Most modern footballs are stitched from 32 panels of waterproofed leather or plastic: 12 regular pentagons and 20 regular hexagons. The 32-panel configuration is the spherical polyhedron corresponding to the truncated icosahedron; it is spherical because the faces bulge due to the pressure of the air inside. The first 32-panel ball was marketed by Select in the 1950s in Denmark. This configuration became common throughout Continental Europe in the 1960s, and was publicised worldwide by the Adidas Telstar, the official ball of the 1970 World Cup.
The familiar 32-panel soccer ball design is sometimes referenced to describe the truncated icosahedron Archimedean solid, carbon buckyballs or the root structure of geodesic domes.
Balls are usually stitched from non-waterproof plastic, similar to the design of the modern volleyballs and Gaelic footballs, and laced to allow access to the internal air bladder.
The official FIFA World Cup football for Germany 2006 matches was the 14-panel Adidas +Teamgeist. It was made in Thailand by Adidas, who have provided the official match balls for the tournament since 1970, and is a “thermally bonded” machine-pressed ball, rather than a traditionally stitched one. Adidas will continue to supply the official football for the 2010 and 2014 World Cups. In 2010, the ball’s design received criticism, with former Arsenal goalkeeper Bob Wilson describing it as a “beach ball” responsible for a rise in errors by goalkeepers.
Another ball with an innovative pattern is the 26-panel Mitre PRO 100T.
There are also indoor footballs, which are made of one or two pieces of plastic. Often these have designs printed on them to resemble a stitched leather ball.
Oldest
The oldest discovered football, thought to date back to 1540, was discovered in the roof of Stirling Castle in 1981 and is made of leather (possibly deer)and pig’s bladder. It has a diameter of between 14-16cm, weighs 125 grams and is currently on display at the Smith Art Gallery and Museum in Stirling, Scotland.
Chip-enabled ball
The Chip-enabled football is a football which was invented by Adidas, the Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated circuits in Erlangen and the company Cairos Technologies. The ball contains an integrated ASIC-Chip and a transmitter for the transfer of data. The chip is suspended in the middle of the soccer ball and sends a signal to a receiver at the referee’s wrist once the ball passed the outer goal-line.
The first tests were performed in Nürnberg. The stadium is equipped with twelve antennas in light masts and other locations distributed around the arena which collect data that is transmitted from the chip. The antennas are connected to a fiber optic cable which routes the data to servers in order to analyze them. The system was first used during the FIFA U-17 World Cup in Peru.